What's the difference between a case laminate and a dust jacket hardcover?

A case laminate hardcover is when the cover design is printed directly on the cardboard cover.  If you also have a paperback format, the design is very similar just a little longer on the sides so it can cover the edges of the cardboard. 

A dust jacket hardcover has front and back flaps that are wrapped around the inside of the fabric board cover. 

Another option is a jacketed case laminate hardcover. This format combines both options and allows you to customize the design underneath the dust jacket.